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RESOURCES USE OPTIMIZATION IN SMALL-
AND MEDIUM-SIZED JUICE PLANTS IN NORTHERN FINLAND A NOVEL, WASTE-FREE
UTILIZATION OF ANNUAL SHOOTS OF NORWAY SPRUCE Helmi
Mikkonen, Liisa Myllykoski, Eva Pongrácz and Riita Liisa Keiski
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study
was to find utilization for the solid waste arising from small- and medium-sized
juice plants utilizing natural raw materials. The complete chain of Norway
spruce (Picea abies) shoots processing into aromatic syrup was reviewed
from a resources use optimization view, and a novel, waste-fee processing method
was suggested. During the traditional cooking and evaporation process at high
operating temperatures, the nutrient value and the flavour of shoots are
spoiled, and over 50% of valuable shoot material is wasted. With the novel cold
extracting method, the quality of the syrup is improved, and the by-product can
be utilized as aromatic seasoning. As a result of such an innovative process,
the amount of solid waste, wastewater and flavour loss is significantly reduced. Keywords: Aromatic
powder, by-product, collection, equipment, forest product, Norway spruce, Picea
abies, processing, raw material, syrup, utilization
HIGH-SOLIDS
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FOR THE RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MANURE FROM TARO (Colocasia
esculenta) T. Bindu and E.V. Ramasamy*
ABSTRACT
Anaerobic
digestion of Colocasia esculenta (Taro) was studied in `high-solids
anaerobic digesters’ (HSADs) for generating energy as methane. Two kinds of
HSADs were employed in which the weed along with inocula (consisting of
pre-digested cow dung slurry) was subjected to anaerobic digestion. The second
type (HSAD-II) was provided with two chambers; the upper chamber served as solid
phase in which only the solid portions of the weed were subjected to digestion,
while the lower chamber served as liquid phase where the leachate were allowed
to ferment. The first type HSAD-I was similar to HSAD-II but had no partition.
The reactor performance was assessed in terms of biogas yield. The results of
the study indicate that the performance efficiency of the HSADs increased with
the increase in the degree of phase separation. The spent weed ensuing from the
HSADs was subsequently subjected to vermicomposting to obtain nutrient rich
manure. Keywords:
Biogas, weeds,
phase separation, Colocasia, bioleachate, solid waste, vermicomposting
RECOVERY OF SILVER FROM COMPUTER
CIRCUIT BOARD SCRAP Peter
P. Scheng ABSTRACT
Silver
and base metals in computer circuit board scrap were first dissolved in a
leaching solution containing one part concentrated nitric acid and two parts
water at 70oC for one hour. This process also effected separation of
the chips from the boards. After solid-liquid separation, the chips, intermixed
with some solid flakes and oxide precipitates, were mechanically crushed to
liberate the base and precious metals encased within protective plastic or
ceramic coatings. The silver and base metals in this crushed product were
dissolved by further leaching with the nitric acid solution. The metal
nitrate filtrate from the above two leach stages was treated with sodium
chloride to precipitate an impure silver chloride product. This product was
upgraded by dissolving in an ammonium hydroxide solution, and re-precipitating
as silver chloride by pH adjustment with nitric acid. Silver chloride was then
converted to silver oxide by selective precipitation with potassium hydroxide.
Finally, silver oxide was converted into metallic silver by a peroxygen process.
STABILIZATION OF CLAYEY SOILS USING
HAY MATERIAL Mousa
Attom, Ph.D.
Mamoon
Y. Shatnawi
ABSTRACT
The main
objective of this work is to study the potential use of hay material as a new
stabilizing agent for cohesive clayey soils. For this purpose, three types of
clayey soils were mixed with hay material at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% percents by
dry weight of the soil. The natural physical properties of the soils such as
Atterberg’s Limits, unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio,
and shear strength parameters were evaluated before and after hay treatment. The
experimental results indicated that the increase in the amount of the hay
material decreases maximum dry density and increases both the optimum water
content and plasticity index of the soil. Additionally, increasing the hay
material increases the unconfined compressive strength up to certain percentages
of hay content and then the unconfined compressive strength decreases. The
cohesion of the clayey soils were increased by increasing the hay percent up to
4%. The California Bearing Ratio for three soils were increased with the
increase of hay content up to 6% percent. Further increase in the hay content
more than the 4% and 6% will decrease both the cohesion and the California
bearing ratio, respectively. Key Words: Clayey soils, Hay material, Stabilization, Shear strength, Swell
FEASABILITY OF USING WASTE MATERIALS
AS FEEDSTOCKS FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION Caijian
Li, M.A. Sc. Email: champagne@civil.queensu.ca ABSTRACT
For
poultry manure, the highest glucose conversion was achieved when it was treated
with KOH and then dried and grinded prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. At operating
conditions of 40°C and enzyme loading 400 units/g substrate, the glucose yield
from poultry manure was 27.6±1.2%.
Under the same optimum conditions as those observed for crop residues, 31.1±2.7%
of wet primary sludge was converted to glucose, and it was increased to 54.2±4.0%
when HCl and KOH pre-treatments were employed. Key
Words: Cellulose, corn stalk, bagasse, poultry
manure, sludge, enzymatic hydrolysis, glucose yields
THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN WASTE
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT DIRECTIVE (WEEE): DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE
PHONE RECOVERY STRATEGIES IN FINLAND Eva
Pongrácz, Jenni Ylä-Mella and Riita Keiski
Paul
S. Phillips
Pia
Tanskanen
Juhani
Kaakinen
ABSTRACT
This paper describes an
on-going research co-operation effort between Oulu University (Finland) and
local electronics and recycling industries as they seek to address the impacts
resulting from the European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
Directive. The reasons why Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) becomes
waste is analysed using a novel waste taxonomy. The issue of ownership is
addressed and the importance of awareness raising measures is highlighted. Based
on on-going developments efforts for automated mobile phone disassembly, future
development and research needs are suggested. Keywords:
Waste, End-of-Life equipment, WEEE Directive, ownership, Purpose, Performance,
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