|
A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WATER INFILTRATION IN THE GEOTECHNICAL, GEOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF URBAN SOLID WASTE IN TROPICAL WEATHER IN BRAZIL
Fernando F. Junqueira
Antonio Rafael Leite Silva ABSTRACT
Climatic conditions such as high precipitation rates play an important role in the degradation of urban solid waste as well as influence
the quantity and quality of the leachate generated.
CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES INFLUENCING RECYCLING RATES IN SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Edward A. McBean
Fabiano Gondim
Frank Rovers ABSTRACT
Approximately 95% of municipalities in a number of developing countries do not have
source separation recycling programs, and diversion from the solid waste stream varies between 3% and 5% in these municipalities. This
level of diversion is being achieved primarily by wastepickers at the landfill site working face. While conditions at the landfill sites
are difficult, wastepickers’ income from the sale of recyclable material is between 1.6 and 6 times the minimum wage. The wastepickers'
income could double as a result of oil price increase trends.
A KEY UK ISSUE: MANAGING MUNICIPAL SOLID FOOD WASTE —A CASE STUDY FROM HACKNEY, LONDON
David Birley
Peter Murton
Paul S. Phillips and Terry Tudor ABSTRACT
The East London Community Recycling Partnership (ELCRP) food waste scheme serves 3 014
dwellings per week in the Borough of Hackney, London. Over the summer and autumn of 2006 it was estimated that on average 439 dwellings
set out material every week (14.55%) diverting 1.1 tonnes of food waste into recycling per week. Further research indicates that the 3
014 dwellings produce an average of 11.73 tonnes of food waste per week. The ELCRP scheme is currently diverting about 10% of the food
waste generated, into a recycling (composting) scheme. Participation rate (dwellings taking part once in a four week period) is
estimated at about 24%. About 17% of dwellings served are regular participants (taking part two or more times in a four week period).
The scheme performs at a similar level to some other London based food waste initiatives examined in recent Waste and Resource Action
Programme (WRAP) research. Very significant performance improvements are required for the scheme to achieve recently set Hackney targets.
We estimate that on average 3.89 kg of food waste is generated per dwelling per week by the 3 014 households served by the ELCRP scheme.
If this estimate is correct, the best performing scheme reported in the recent WRAP study would still divert only 26% of food waste into
recycling suggesting that there is a need for food waste schemes to implement systematic and imaginative campaigns to improve public
participation.
DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST ADSORBENTS
FOR REMOVAL OF PHENOL FROM WASTEWATER
Anita Bindal
Kasturi Gadgil ABSTRACT
Experimental studies were carried out on development of low cost adsorbent materials for
removing phenol from waste water followed by comparison of their adsorption characteristics with activated carbon. Simulated studies
were conducted for generating waste biomass after solvent extraction. For activation GPFMAC (German Process for manufacturing activated
carbon) was adopted with some modifications. Equilibrium experiments showed that the adsorption capacities of the prepared activated
carbon from raw biomass (sawdust and corncob) as well as biomass residue (after extraction from ginger and neem) were higher when
compared with raw biomass, charred biomass, biomass residue char. Results of these experiments have been reported in the present
communication.
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WASTE — REDUCTION OF THE CHROMIUM CONTENT OF TANNERY SOLID WASTE
AS A STEP IN THE CLEANER PRODUCTION OF GELATIN
M. Catalina, A.P.M. Antunes, G. Attenburrow, A.D. Covington, P.S. Phillips
J. Cot ABSTRACT
Treatment of chrome shavings, a solid waste from the leather industry, by reducing its
chromium content was investigated to determine whether it could be used in the production of high value-added products like gelatin. An
oxidative dechroming process was used to remove the chromium from the shavings achieving a dechroming ratio of 96%. Thermal behaviour of
chrome shavings with different chromium content was studied using DSC analysis, revealing that chromium is responsible for imparting
stability to the collagen fibres. Gelatin, with different chemical and mechanical properties, was obtained by thermal and chemical
hydrolysis of the collagen fibres using different alkaline hydrolytic agents, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia (NH3). The
denaturation temperature (TD) of the gelatins was found to be 30 ºC and 62 ºC for NaOH and NH3-derived gelatins, respectively. The
effect of the chromium content on the physical and thermal properties of gelatin was also investigated, confirming the stabilising role
of chromium in the fibres. Gelatin can be used in applications such as encapsulation, binding, adhesive production, film forming or
finishing agent in the paper, wood, ink, textile and leather industries. Therefore, this treatment can add value by using a cleaner
production pathway to a valuable product extracted from what was previously hazardous waste.
BIOMETHANATION OF UNSORTED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE— PROSPECT FOR LOW-INCOME ECONOMIES
Bernard Fei-Baffoe ABSTRACT
The prospect of anaerobic digestion of unsorted municipal solid waste (UMSW) was
assessed. Simulated waste consisting of a blend of unsorted municipal solid waste and market waste was studied in a double-stage
mesophilic batch experiment, providing basic information on COD, OA, VOS, TS and pH profiles during hydrolysis, and in addition, gas
yield during methanogenesis. Degradation rate of 42±19% (dry matter) of volatile organic solid of the starting waste material was
achieved. Significant amount of biogas with high methane quality was produced. Reduction of COD and OA concentrations during
methanogenesis were 90±6, and 97±2.1% respectively. The results obtained suggest that, based on appropriate pretreatment method, UMSW
can be biologically treated yielding valuable by-products.
|
